At the cellular level, direct and indirect mechanisms of these drugs inhibit
Perhaps the most important advance in our
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) triggers antiviral immune responses through its capacity to
Hydroxychloroquine acts by suppressing Toll-like receptors to trigger
Toll-like receptors (TLR) that belong to the group of protein recognition receptor (PPR) provide an innate immune response following the sensing of conserved pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) and changes in danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are generated as a consequence of cellular injury
Background and Objectives: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) presents clinically heterogeneous manifestations, partially explained by the different expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) type 8 and 9, located to endosomal compartments where they are poised to recognize microbial nucleic acids
CpG
In patients with SLE, the loss of B cell tolerance to autoantigens is controlled in a cell-intrinsic manner by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which sense nucleic acids in endosomes
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Anti-malarial agents have been used to treat SLE for more than a century, and hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) is still considered to be an effective treatment for cutaneous SLE and Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, also known as antimalarial drugs, are widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and have recently become the focus of attention because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
Toll-like receptors-3,-7,-8, and -9 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE
Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as Hydroxychloroquine was considered to be beneficial in treating OA due to its inhibitory action on toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling (17); TLRs are upregulated in OA cartilage and thought to Zhu X, Pan Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Shang H, Gowda DC, et al